LEARNIT

Eccentricity classification [ edit ]

• Circular Orbit : An orbit whose eccentricity is 0 and whose path marks a circle.
  • Hoham Transfer Orbit : A trip to the orbits of the two engine power around using a circular orbit, an orbit usually transferred to another orbit.
• Elliptical Orbit : An orbit whose epicenter is greater than 0 and less than 1, and whose path marks an ellipse.
  • Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit : An elliptical orbit where the perigee is at the height of a low-altitude orbit (LEO) and the apogee is at the height of the geosynchronous orbit. Satellites use this orbit to orbit the Earth .
  • Geostationary transfer orbits : Geosynchronous transfer orbits that are used to transfer geostationary orbits.
  • Molniya Orbit : A very bizarre orbit with a slope of 63.4 এবং and a period of half a day (about 12 hours). Such satellites are often located in two designated regions of the planet (usually Russia and the United States).
  • Tundra Orbit : A very bizarre orbit with a slope of 63.4 এবং and a period of about the same number of days (about 24 hours). Such satellites are often located in a designated area of ​​the planet.

Synchronously classification [ edit ]

• Synchronous orbit : An orbit where the orbit of a satellite is equal to the average rotation time of the object orbiting it (23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.091 seconds in Earth case) and the direction of rotation and the direction of rotation are equal. To any ground observer, such a satellite would generate an analema in the sky.
• Semi-synchronous orbit : At an altitude of about 20,200 km (12,600 m) and orbiting the satellite, it is an orbit half the average rotation time of the object orbiting it (about 12 hours on Earth).
• Geosynchronous Orbits : Earth's orbits are located at an altitude of 35.7 km (22,236 m). A geosynchronous orbit with a tendency to zero. This satellite will appear as a fixed point in the sky to the observer located on the ground.
  • Earth orbit : A geosynchronous orbit with zero inclination. To the observer on the ground, the satellite will be stationary at a certain point in the sky. ^[20]
    • Clark Orbit : Another name for geostationary orbit. Named afterscientist and author Arthur C. Clark .
  • Supersynchronous Orbit : A disposal / preservation orbit above GSO / GEO. In this orbit the satellites are transmitted westward. It is also synonymous with settlement orbit.
  • Subsynchronous Orbits : Orbits transmitted below GSO / GEO but to the east. The satellites flow east.
  • Cemetery orbits : Orbits located hundreds of kilometers above the geosynchronous orbit, where the satellites are removed at the end of their lifetime.
    • Disposal Orbit : Synonym of Cemetery Orbit .
    • Garbage orbit : Synonym of graveyard orbit.
• Aerosynchronous Orbit :A synchronous orbit around Mars with a period of time equal to the length of the day around Mars, equal to 24.6229 hours.
• Aerostationary orbit : A circular aerosynchronous orbit at an altitude of about 16,000 km (11,000 m) above the equatorial plane surface. To the ground observer, the satellite will be stationary at a certain point in the sky.
• Heliosynchronous orbit : A solar-centric orbit where the orbit of a satellite is equal to the rotation period of the sun. These orbits occur slightly less than half the radius of Mercury's orbit, around the Sun at a radius of 24,360 grams (0.1628 AU).

Special classification [ edit ]

• Lunar Orbit : Characteristics of the Earth's lunar orbit . It has an average elevation of 3,84,403 km (2,36,758 m), and is an elliptical-inclined orbit.

Pseudo-orbit classification [ edit ]

• Equestrian orbit : An orbit that appears to an observer on Earth to orbit a planet, but it co-orbits with the planet.
• Orbital space travel : A technique where a spacecraft approaches the height of the orbit but lacks the speed to maintain it.
• Lunar transition orbit
• Progressed Orbit : An orbit with a slope of less than 90.
• Retrograde orbit : An orbit with a slope greater than 90.
• Spectral orbits and Lisajas orbits : orbits around the Lagrangian dots.

Upabyabastha [ edit ]

The functional versatility of a satellite lies in its technical components and its functional features. Looking at the "physiology" of a common satellite, two modules can be noticed. ^[16] Note that some of the novel's architectural concepts, such as fractional spacecraft, disturb this discipline somewhat.

Spacecraft bus or service module [ edit ]

The bus module consists of the following subsystems:

The structure [ edit ]

The structural subsystem provides the basic mechanical structure with sufficient rigidity that withstands the pressure and vibration felt during launch, maintains structural integrity and durability during position in orbit, and protects the satellite from extreme temperature changes and miniature meteors.

Telemetry [ edit ]

The remote measurement subsystem (Command and Data Handling, C&DH) manages the existing equipment, transmits effective information about the equipment to the control center on Earth, and receives command from the control center to adjust the equipment management.

Power [ edit ]

The power subsystem converts solar energy into electrical energy, control and distribution functions, and stores energy in batteries, which provide energy when satellites enter Earth's shadow. Nuclear power sources ( radioisotope thermoelectric generators ) have been used in several successful satellite programs, including the Nimbus program (1974-198) . ^[21]

Heat Control [ edit ]

The heat control subsystem helps to protect electrical equipment from extreme temperatures due to intense sunlight or lack of sun exposure on the other side of the satellite.

Orbital motion and control [ edit ]

The gesture and orbit control subsystem includes sensors for measuring vehicle orientation, control laws and actuators (reaction wheels, thrusters) that are not attached to the flight software. These apply the torque and force needed to redirect the vehicle to the desired position, to keep the satellite in the correct orbit, and to direct the antenna in the right direction .

Contact [ edit ]

The second major module is the communication payload, which consists of a combination of transponders. The capabilities of a transponder are:

• Receiving uplink radio signals from the ground satellite transmitting center (antenna).
• Widening the received radio signals.
• Sorting the input signals and directing the output signal through the input / output signal multiplexer to the correct downlink antenna for re-transmission to the earth's satellite receiving centers (antennas).

The end of life [ edit ]

When the satellites reach the end of their mission (this usually happens within 3 or 4 years of launch), satellite operators have the opportunity to either deactivate the satellite or leave it in its current orbit or move the satellite to the orbit of the cemetery. Historically very few satellites were designed to be orbited due to budget constraints at the beginning of the satellite mission. An example of such a satellite is Vanguard 1 . Launched in 1956, Vanguard 1 is the fourth artificial satellite to be placed in geostationary orbit, which was in orbit until March 2015 with the top layer of the launch rocket. ^[22] [23]

Instead of being orbited, most satellites are either left in their current orbit or moved to a cemetery orbit. ^[24] Since 2002, the FCC has committed to launch a cemetery into orbit at the end of their working life before launching all terrestrial satellites . ^{[25] The} main regulators for uncontrolled orbits are the solar flux and the minor changes are the material and structure of the satellite and the gravitational chaos created by the sun and moon (as well as larger mountain ranges above or below sea level). During the fall, due to wind force and temperature, it separates in the range of 62 to 64 km, usually at an altitude of 6 km. However, the solar panels are destroyed before any other part at an altitude of 90 to 95 km.^[26]

Space Surveillance Network [ edit ]

The United States Space Surveillance Network , a division of the United States Strategic Command since the beginning of the space age with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1956.(SSN) is following objects orbiting the earth. Since then, SSN has tracked more than 26,000 objects. SSN is currently tracking more than 6,000 artificial satellites. The rest have re-entered the Earth's atmosphere and become isolated, or have remained intact during re-entry and crashed into the Earth. SSN tracks objects with a diameter of 10 centimeters or more; This includes the cost of a rocket weighing just 10 pounds, with a few tons of artificial satellites currently orbiting the Earth. About seven percent of the active satellites (i.e. ~ 560 satellites), all the rest are space debris . ^[15] The U.S. Strategic Command is primarily interested in active satellites, but also tracks space debris that may be mistaken for incoming missiles.

Service [ edit ]

There are three primary categories of satellite (civilian) services: ^[16]

Fixed satellite service [ edit ]

Static satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice, data, and video transmissions across specific points on Earth's surface across countries and continents.

Mobile satellite services [ edit ]

In addition to serving as a navigation system, mobile satellite systems help connect remote areas, vehicles, ships, people and aircraft to other parts of the world or to other mobile or stationary communications units.

Scientific Research Satellite (commercial and noncommercial) [ edit ]

Scientific research satellites provide information on weather data, land survey data (e.g. remote sensing), amateur (HAM) radio, and other scientific research applications such as geology, marine science, and atmospheric research.

Type [ edit ]

• Astronomical satellites are satellites used to observe distant planets, galaxies and other outer space.

Hubble Space Telescope

• A biosatellite is a satellite designed to carry living creatures for scientific experiments.
• Communication satellite A satellite placed in space for the purpose of telecommunication . Modern communications satellites typically Geosynchronous orbits , Molniya orbits or low Earth orbit using.
• Earth observation satellites are satellites designed for civilian use, such as environmental monitoring , meteorology , mapping ,etc. (See Earth observation system )
• Direction satellites are satellites used by mobile receivers to determine one's exact position using radio time signals.
• Killer satellites are satellites built to destroy enemy warheads, satellites and other space resources.
• Sailor spacecraft are huge satellites that are able to place people in an orbit and bring them back to Earth. (US Apollo lunar module program was an exception, because it did not have the power to bring people back to earth.) Re-use of the space flight of the spacecraft with greater propalasana or landing facility. In orbital stations and they can be used as transport. These can be used at orbital stations and for transportation from there.
• Miniaturized satellites are unusually low-mass and small-sized satellites. ^[18] New classifications are used to classify these satellites: minisatellite (500–1000 kg), microsatellite (below 100 kg), nanosatellite (below 10 kg). ^{[ Citation needed ]}
• Inspection satellites areearth observation satellites or communications satellites designed for military or intelligence purposes. Little is known about the full power of these satellites, as the governments that operate them usually keep secret information about their visiting satellites.
• Recovery satellites carry out inspections, biological, space production and transport of other objects from orbit to Earth.
• Space-based solar power satellites are proposed satellites that collect energy from sunlight and send it to Earth or elsewhere.
• A space station is an artificial structure in orbitdesigned for human survival in space . What sets one space station apart from other crew spacecraft is its lack of large propulsion facilities. Space stations are designed for medium-term stays in orbit for weeks, months, or even years.

International Space Station

• Tether satellites are connected to other satellites by a thin wire called Tether.
• Weather satellites are mainlyused to monitor theEarth's weather and climate . ^[16]